O recolhimento dos tributos é obrigatório para os contribuintes que realizam atividades que geram rendimentos ou adquirem bens em nosso país. Quando a lei tributária não é observada, o cidadão fica inadimplente perante a fiscalização e terá que pagar as quantias em atraso para regularizar a sua situação. Existem vários impostos, contribuições e taxas que são cobrados pelo governo.
Neste artigo, vamos explicar o que é o Imposto sobre Circulação de Mercadorias e Serviços (ICMS) e para que ele serve, bem como o funcionamento desse imposto e quando é preciso contribuir. Aqui, você vai descobrir como calcular o diferencial de alíquota ICMS e qual é a importância de fazer o cálculo correto. Além do mais, vamos falar sobre as atualizações na tabela de 2020.
Gostaria de ter acesso a essas informações? Continue a leitura!
Entenda o que é o ICMS
ICMS é uma sigla utilizada para representar o Imposto sobre Circulação de Mercadorias e Prestação de Serviços, que é um tributo estadual definido pelo Distrito Federal e pelos estados brasileiros. Ele incide toda vez que um serviço ou produto circula com transporte intermunicipal ou interestadual, ou quando é fornecido por uma pessoa jurídica para um cliente.
Saiba para que serve o ICMS
Os valores arrecadados a título de ICMS servem para abastecer os cofres públicos cujas somas são destinadas para várias funções em prol da sociedade. O dinheiro é utilizado para custear o funcionamento dos estados, promover a saúde pública e a manutenção de ruas, entre outros. Com ele, o governo consegue recuperar perdas geradas pela inadimplência de alguns e investir os recursos.
Confira como funciona o ICMS
Esse imposto tem uma alíquota variável, mas funciona de forma simples. Na ocasião da venda do bem, ocorre o fato gerador, portanto, quem vendeu paga o tributo. Já a empresa que compra o produto adquire um direito ou crédito. O cálculo do valor a ser pago é feito com base em uma tabela que apresenta as alíquotas de todos os estados, considerando-se a origem e o destino da mercadoria.
Descubra a importância de calcular a alíquota adequadamente
Calcular corretamente a alíquota do ICMS é muito importante, visto que pagar um montante incorreto caracteriza infração à legislação vigente. Isso pode gerar problemas com o Fisco, multas desnecessárias e prejuízos financeiros para as empresas. Veja, a seguir, alguns detalhes importantes sobre esse tributo!
Contribuintes
Os contribuintes do ICMS são as pessoas jurídicas que realizam importação ou aquisição de mercadorias, fornecem alimentos, bebidas, prestação de serviços no exterior, de transporte e de telecomunicação. Além disso, o tributo incide sobre petróleo, lubrificantes, combustíveis, gases, energia elétrica etc.
Contribuintes isentos
Os contribuintes isentos são as pessoas jurídicas que foram dispensadas do pagamento desse imposto porque não têm inscrição estadual. Nesse grupo, estão incluídos os Microempreendedores Individuais (MEI), as Organizações Não Governamentais (ONGs), Prefeituras etc.
Também estão isentas as empresas que realizam operações envolvendo insumos agrícolas, hortifrutigranjeiros e arrendamento mercantil, por exemplo. Mas alguns estados não permitem a isenção. São eles: Sergipe, Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Goiás, Ceará, Bahia e Amazonas.
Realização do cálculo
O cálculo é feito com base na tabela que registra a alíquota de cada estado. Para reduzir erros, utilize a seguinte fórmula:
Base do ICMS X (% Alíquota do ICMS Intra – % Alíquota do ICMS Inter)
Por exemplo: uma pessoa vende um produto de R$ 200 na cidade de Santa Catarina (SC), cuja alíquota intraestadual é de 17% e a interestadual é de 12%:
R$ 200 x (17% – 12%) = R$ 10
Atualizações na tabela 2020
As alíquotas mínimas das operações internas são estabelecidas pelo Senado Federal. Porém, cada governo estadual define o seu percentual. A tabela 2020 já está disponível para consulta na Internet, bastando visualizar o estado de origem e o de destino e cruzar a coluna e a linha para saber o valor da porcentagem. Para facilitar, observe os valores abaixo:
- alíquota de 17% – Acre, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará, Roraima e Santa Catarina;
- alíquota de 17,5% – Rondônia;
- alíquota de 20% – Rio de Janeiro, sendo que 2% vai para o FECP (Fundo Estadual de Combate à Pobreza e às Desigualdades Sociais);
- alíquota de 18% – Distrito Federal, São Paulo e demais estados.
Enfim, agora, você já entendeu como calcular o diferencial de alíquota ICMS. Fique atento às atualizações das legislações tributárias para não correr o risco de ficar inadimplente. Caso ainda tenha dúvidas, busque um auxílio especializado para garantir a adequação às exigências legais.
Gostou do conteúdo? Então, curta a nossa página no Facebook e aproveite para se manter informado com as publicações!
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